Что такое вирус соланум

ЗОМ-БЗЭ: (Зом'би) также Зомби множ. I. оживший труп, питающийся живой человеческой плотью. 2. Заклинание вуду, оживляющее мертвых. 3. Бог-змей Вуду. 4. Тот, кто двигается и действует в оцепенении "как зомби". [слово западно-африканского происхождения]

Что такое зомби? Как они появляются? В чем их сильные стороны и слабости? В чем они нуждаются, каковы их желания? Почему они враждебны человечеству? До обсуждения каких-бы то ни было техник выживания, вы обязаны сперва узнать, от чего вам необходимо спасаться.

Мы должны начать с отделения фактов от выдумки. Ходячие мертвецы — ни работа "черной магии", ни другой сверхъестественной силы. Их природа происходит от вируса, известного как Соланум, слово на латыни, использованное Яном Вандерхэвеном [Jan Vanderhaven], " первооткрывателем" этой болезни.

Соланум: вирус

Соланум распространяется по системе кровообращения, от точки попадания вируса к мозгу. Благодаря путям, не до конца изученным, вирус использует клетки лобной доли для репликации, разрушая их в процессе. Во время этого периода все функции жизненные тела останавливаются. С остановкой сердца инфицированный субъект признается "мертвым". Мозг, однако, остается живым, но находится в спящем состоянии, тогда как вирус мутирует клетки в абсолютно новый орган.

Наиболее существенная черта этого нового организма — отсутствие зависимости от кислорода. Без нужды в этом крайне важном ресурсе, мозг нежити может расходоваться, но он более не зависим от сложного поддерживающего механизма человеческого тела. Как только мутация завершена, этот новый орган оживляет тело в форме, которая носит некоторое сходство, говоря физиологически, с первоначальным трупом. Некоторые функции тела остаются, некоторые действуют с ограниченным запасом, — остальные останавливаются совершенно. Этот новый организм — зомби, представитель живых мертвецов.

1. Источник распространения.

К сожалению, отдельно представленного образца Соланума ученые до сих пор не обнаружили. Анализ всех составляющих экосистемы — воды, воздуха, почвы, флоры, фауны — на текущий момент дал негативные результаты. Исследования продолжаются и поныне.

2. Симптомы.

Ниже приведен процесс перерождения зараженного субъекта (скорость реакции колеблется в пределах нескольких часов, в зависимости от личных особенностей)

Час 1: Боль и изменение цвета кожи (на коричнево-пурпурный) инфицированной зоны, моментальное заживление раны (происходит из-за вируса, попавшего в рану).

Час 5: Жар (37.2-39.4 градуса по Цельсию), озноб, легкая дезориентация, рвота, резкая боль в суставах.

Час 8: Онемение конечностей и инфицированной зоны, усиление жара (39.4-41.1 градуса по Цельсию), усиление слабоумия, утрата мускульной координации.

Час 11: Паралич нижней части тела, общее онемение, замедление сердечного ритма.

Час 20: Остановка сердца. Отсутствие мозговой активности.

Час 23: Воскрешение.

3. Распространение

Solanum на 100 процентов передаваем и на 100 процентов смертелен. К счастью для человеческой расы вирус не передаётся ни по воздуху, ни по воде. Люди никогда не смогут подхватить вирус от элементов природы. Инфицирование может произойти только через прямой жидкостный контакт. Укус зомби хоть и самый распространенный, но совсем не единственный метод передачи вируса. Люди могут подхватить вирус путем соприкосновения своих открытых ран с зомби, или путем попадания брызг от частей тела зомби после взрыва. Поглощение заражение плоти, скорее приведет к смерти чем к заражению, конечно если у вас нет открытых ран в области рта. Доказано, что зараженная плоть чрезвычайно токсична.

Нет информационно-исторических, экспериментальных или любых других сообщений касательно результатов половых сношений с неживыми субъектами, однако, как уже отмечалось ранее, природа Соланума предполагает высокую опасность заражения. Предупреждение против подобного акта были бы бесполезны, поскольку люди, которые настолько ненормальны, чтобы это попробовать не будут заботиться о своей безопасности. Многие поспорят с этим, учитывая, что телесные жидкости нежити уже свернулись, шанс заражения не от укуса должен быть невелик. Однако, следует помнить, что даже одного организма достаточно чтобы начать цикл.

This article uses an in-universe perspective.

Solanum is a common zombie virus in The Zombie Survival Guide. While not addressed by this name in World War Z, the book references material from the Survival Guide as both are set in the same universe and describe the same disease. Other names include African Rabies, the Walking Plague, and the Blight, among others.

Behavior

Solanum begins to transform the host from human into a zombie once it is introduced into the body. Through means not yet fully understood, the virus uses the cells of the brains' frontal lobe for replication, destroying them in the process.

Once the brain is infected, all bodily functions (including the function of the heart and lungs) cease, and all trace of personality, individuality, mercy and according to many, humanity, is irrevocably lost. The viral incubation period is variable, with some turning rapidly (most common in bite victims) and others not showing symptoms for a significant period. Combined with the ability to spread via non-obvious means, such as open cuts and not just clearly visible bites, this necessitates the careful screening of individuals before allowing them into a safe area, sometimes necessitating the use of force if the individual will not comply.

Depending on the size and resilience of the victim, the location of the bite on the body, etc, the timeline from infection to reanimation follows as such, give or take several hours:

Hour 1: Pain and discoloration (brown-purple) of the infected area. Immediate clotting of the wound provided the infection came from a wound).
Hour 5: Fever (99-103 degrees F), chills, slight dementia, vomiting, acute pain in the joints.
Hour 8: Numbing of extremities and infected area, increased fever (103-106 degrees F), increased dementia, loss of muscular coordination.
Hour 11: Paralysis in the lower body, overall numbness, slowed heart rate.
Hour 16: Coma.
Hour 20: Heart stoppage. Zero brain activity
Hour 23: Reanimation.

The transformed brain does continue some minor activity, as the zombie will reanimate and hunt and consume anything it identifies as living. Its preferred prey is humans, choosing to chase a fast human over any animal that it might catch more easily. Some bodily functions remain constant, others operate in a modified capacity, and the remainder shut down completely, which is why zombies are commonly referred to as the living dead.

The virus mutates each infected cell into a sort of organ, independent from every other cell, and the physiological tasks it once performed for the human. They also produce a great deal of oxygen (which was noted by a surgeon in a Rio de Janiero clinic) which circulates throughout the body. By removing the need for oxygen, the undead brain can utilize but is in no way dependent upon the complex support mechanism of the human body. The energy source of the zombie remains a baffling mystery to science, as a zombie will continue moving indefinitely without food, water, or rest. Even when a zombie does "consume" an organism, Solanum virions and infected cells do not draw energy from the flesh like living cells would. The flesh merely remains in the digestive tract of the zombie until it rots, or newer flesh presses the human remains out of the anus (or if the zombie has torso wounds, a rupture in the abdomen)

(Take, for example, The Zombie Survival Guide by Max Brooks. The first few chapters talk about the causes and symptoms in depth).

Point of Origin

Despite exhaustive (and continuing) searching across the world, no isolated sample has ever been found in nature. The source and most of the abilities of the virus remain unexplained. Potential evidence of its existence dates back to 60,000 B.C in Katanda, Central Africa, where thirteen crushed skulls were found alongside rupestrian art depicting a humanoid figure with the body of another human inside its mouth. The oldest confirmed instance traces back to 3,000 B.C in Hieraconpolis, Egypt, where traces of the virus were found inside the brain of a decomposed body within a sarcophagus. Significant circumstantial evidence suggests the occupant to have reanimated post-mortem and attempted to claw its way out.

However, origin theories abound, and many lean towards China. Post-World War Z research suggests that the pandemic that killed 50-70% of the world's population may have originated from the Yang-tze River in China, somewhere in the flood basin of the Three Gorges Dam.

Documentation published in The Zombie Survival Guide points to possible experiments with Solanum conducted by China after World War 2, using research taken from Japan during the war. Organs containing Solanum, sold as medical transplants, are also believed to come from China. These were likely the results of experiments on prisoners by the Chinese and contributed to many early outbreaks, including one at a clinic in Brazil.

To this day, the source of the virus, whether it be natural or extra-terrestrial, remains unknown. There is even hints at a supernatural origin spoken amongst Chinese villagers, claiming the undead were "revenge" for Fengdu, a city with temples dedicated to the underworld that was demolished and flooded by the creation of the Three Gorges Dam.

Transference

Solanum is 100 percent communicable and 100 percent fatal. However, it is not waterborne, it is not airborne, and perishes rather quickly in an open environment. Infection can occur only through direct contact with bodily fluids.

A zombie bite, although by far the most recognizable means of transference, is by no means the only one. Humans have been infected by being scratched by a zombie, brushing their open wounds against those of a zombie or by being splattered by its remains after an explosion. Some early outbreaks even resulted from infected organs being flown in, sometimes expedited from dubious sources due to urgent cases, and causing reanimation once transplanted into the patient.

A human ingesting infected flesh (provided the person has no open mouth sores) does not cause infection and subsequent reanimation, but rather, permanent death, as infected flesh is found to be highly toxic.

Cross-Species Infection

All animals besides humans can instinctively detect traces of the Solanum virus, and nearly all have the same reaction to it: terror. From ants to whales, nearly all living creatures will flee in terror from the zombie virus. Because of their strong connection to humans, dogs are shown to be the sole non-human animal that will stand their ground against zombies, allowing them to receive specialized training to become scouts for infected areas. However, even this exception is rare, with most dogs failing the selection screening for scout training.

Solanum is fatal to all living creatures, regardless of size, species, or ecosystem. Reanimation, however, takes place only in humans. Studies have shown that Solanum infecting a non-human brain will die within hours of the infection of its host, making the carcass safe to handle. Infected animals expire before the virus can replicate throughout their bodies. Infection from insect bites such as from mosquitoes can also be discounted. Testing has consistently shown that all parasitic insects can sense and will reject an infected host 100 percent of the time. It would seem that Solanum is custom made for the human race since reanimation only happens in humans and human zombies are the only vector through which the virus can spread to new hosts. This could explain why zombies seek to eat living animals but with a preference towards human flesh over other animals.

Treatment

Once infected, little can be done to save the victim. Scientific research has provided little evidence that a cure exists. Immunization is useless, as even a single virion will lead to a complete infection, as the virus can apparently mutate to resist the human immune system.

Genetic research intended to form stronger human antibodies, develop virus-resistant cell structures, or counter-viruses has been unsuccessful. Removal of infected limbs or other appendages immediately after a bite has saved individuals on rare occasions, but given the speed of the circulatory system, successful amputations are uncommon. More often than not, the victim is inevitably doomed after being bitten, regardless of bite location.

Should an infected human choose suicide, they must destroy the brain to prevent reanimation; even if the circulatory system fails, the virus may still move to the brain and reanimate the body (a bit more slowly). Anyone killed after being bitten or otherwise infected by the undead should be immediately disposed of and destroyed completely, preferably by burning.

Detection

Infected individuals can continue to mingle among uninfected humans for some time, depending on the rapidity with which the virus is able to reach the brain. Screening is thus necessary to ensure that persons exposed are not in the early stages of the virus, which are symptomless. It is also necessary to distinguish Solanum infections from other diseases, as pre-death symptoms can be similar: core-temperature changes, changes in the person's pulse, oxygen saturation, all could point to other possible diseases if one does not know what to look for.

In the case of transmission via bite, detection is relatively simple. That being said, due to human nature's self-preservation instincts, many victims will try to hide their wounds, thus making voluntary disclosure unreliable. Forced screening may also result in hostility, further complicating the situation. In the case of alternate means of infection, such as contact with infected bodily fluids, the person may be unaware of the danger they pose.

The best detection method thus far found is the use of trained dogs. Dogs will bark or, if sufficiently trained, act extremely warily around infected. Dogs born pre-outbreak would uncontrollably attack any infected regardless of training, turning on handlers if they attempted restraint, and thus when used as detectors they were kept in cages. As the amount of ambient material from infected (via decomposition, burning, etc.) increased, many of these animals were driven into permanent attack rages and had to be put down. Post-outbreak dogs are more used to the virus due to its omnipresence from birth, but a majority still have trouble controlling themselves around active zombies. Those who do not are recruited for the K9 corps, while the rest are used as guard dogs.

Solanum and Decomposition

The toxicity level of undead flesh, combined with the 100% fatality rate for infected lifeforms significantly slows down the process of decomposition. This is because all organisms, even the bacteria that play a role in natural decomposition, are also killed when in contact with Solanum. This has the noteworthy side-effect of making many zombies odorless, due to the absence of the bacteria responsible for body odor and the traditional smell of rotting flesh.

Zombies that have been undead for many months may start to show minor signs of topical decay, and the recently turned may smell because humans void their bowels after death. Other than that, zombies produce no odor.

Solanum and the Already Deceased

Zombies ignore dead flesh. While they do continue to consume their prey until it is horribly mutilated, they would pass a fairly fresh corpse that it had not been hunting, even if the body is preserved (such as a heart attack victim). Likewise, experiments, where Solanum is introduced directly into the frontal lobe of a corpse only minutes after death, show that Solanum only reacts with living cells.

Therefore Solanum does not create "life"- it alters it, and any attempt to use it to reanimate the dead is futile.

The name Solanum has a number of real-world references.

Solanum is a wide genus of flowering plants, including nightshades, which are generally poisonous to humans, but also common food crops like tomatoes, potatoes, and eggplants. The root word was either the Latin "sol" meaning the sun, thus designating it a "plant of the sun" or "solare" meaning to sooth/comfort.

There are also two plant viruses that affect potato plants called Solanum virus X and Solanum virus Y, also called "potato viruses X and Y." These cause many symptoms in an infected plant from production loss to ringspot (tissue necrosis) and blisters. While largely eliminated from most country's potato supplies, it is still a problem elsewhere like in South Africa. It is spread by aphid vectors but also can remain dormant in seeds.

† Corresponding author: S. G. Vologin;

Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences”, 420059 Kazan, Russia

Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2329, U.S.A.

Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3050, U.S.A.

S. G. Vologin 1 †
F. F. Zamalieva 1
Z. Stasevski 1
A. V. Karasev 2 3

1 Tatar Research Institute of Agriculture, Federal Research Center “Kazan Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Sciences”, 420059 Kazan, Russia
2 Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-2329, U.S.A.
3 Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Program, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID 83844-3050, U.S.A.

Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is transmitted by aphids, has a wide host range, and is common worldwide (Jaspars and Bos 1980). In potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), AMV is the cause of the “calico” disease visible as bright chlorotic spots in the foliage and is often associated with tuber necrosis in susceptible cultivars (Nie et al. 2015). In Russia, AMV was reported to occur in potato in the Russian Far East near Vladivostok (Gnutova 2014) and in the northern Caucasuses near Maykop city (Gorkovenko 2007), but biological and molecular characterization of the potato AMV isolates was not conducted. Here, we report on the occurrence of AMV in potato in Tatarstan, Middle Volga region of European Russia. In July 2017, during the inspection of seed potato crops, two cultivars, Skazka and Impala, were found expressing calico foliar symptoms near Kazan (GPS coordinates N55.680266, E49.363741). These seed potato lots represented the first field generation, grown from virus-free planting material certified as prebasic seed material according to UNECE standard S-1 (United Nations 2016) and contained approximately one calico-symptom-expressing plant per 300 to 350 healthy-looking plants. Foliar samples collected from eight symptomatic plants of both cultivars were subjected to ELISA testing for potato virus Y, potato virus А, potato virus X, potato virus S, potato virus M, and potato leafroll virus (all kits from Neogen, Ayr, Scotland) and were found negative for all tested viruses. Two representative symptomatic samples were selected, one from each of the two cultivars, and subjected to further studies. Mechanical inoculation of the two samples into indicator plants produced local lesions in inoculated leaves of Vigna unguiculata and Phaseolus vulgaris, chlorotic local lesions in Chenopodium quinoa, and mosaic and systemic necrotic lesions in Pisum sativum. Mechanically inoculated Nicotiana tabacum ‘Samsun NN’ and Datura stramonium remained asymptomatic. Inoculation of the sprouting tissue of two potato cultivars, Desiree and Maris Bard, using a needle led to the expression of calico symptoms in the emerging potato foliage and suggested AMV infection. To confirm AMV infection, AMV-specific primers P3 and P4 described by Navarre et al. (2009) were used to successfully amplify the 702-bp band by reverse-transcription PCR from the original symptomatic Skazka and Impala, and also from the inoculated Desiree and Maris Bard plants, as described in Crosslin and Hamlin (2011). The two nucleotide sequences coming from Skazka and Impala were determined for two PCR products through direct PCR sequencing, designated Sk-Tat and Im-Tat, respectively, and deposited in the GenBank database under accession numbers MK695696 and MK695697. BLASTn analysis identified the AMV isolate PL-2-10 (accession KC182569) from pepper in Serbia as the closest match. The two seed potato lots screened did not have any Fabaceae crops nearby, and various weeds or wild legumes could be the most likely source of AMV infection. Because AMV can be associated with tuber necrosis (Nie et al. 2015), in addition to calico foliar symptoms, to prevent infection of seed potato and subsequent spread of AMV to commercial potato production in Tatarstan, surveys of weeds and wild legumes in the vicinity of seed potato production areas should be recommended.

The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

References:

The author(s) declare no conflict of interest.

Funding: Funding was provided by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation, basic scientific research project # AAAA-A18-118031390148-1 (biological and molecular characterization of potato AMV isolates) and exploratory research project CSRP “Development of potato breeding and seed production” (field inspection of seed potatoes).

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